![]() ![]() However, despite its importance, the ice-covered period on lakes has received limited attention compared to studies conducted during the open water season (Hampton et al. The presence of snow and ice on lakes alters hydrodynamics and the coupling of physical and biological processes, with important implications for lake organisms and biogeochemistry that have year-round repercussions (Bertilsson et al. 2014), where seasonal ice cover is a common phenomenon (Fig. ![]() The majority of the world's lakes are at higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere (Verpoorter et al. The scarcity of under ice data from ice-covered lakes calls for future research to better understand CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from northern lakes in a changing climate. In this paper, we review the C cycling during the winter period and its importance to annual CO 2 and CH 4 emission budgets of northern lakes. This period has traditionally been excluded from annual C budgets. The ice-covered period is a time of altered C cycling-with reduced catchment inputs, limited light and low temperatures influencing metabolism under lake ice-but C processing continues over winter. Seasonally ice-covered northern lakes are globally abundant and play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle. The scarcity of winter and spring carbon data from northern lakes represents a major gap in our understanding of annual budgets in these lakes and calls for future research during this key period. We also found evidence that the magnitude and type of emission (i.e., CO 2 and CH 4) varies with characteristics of lakes including geographic location, lake morphometry, and physicochemical conditions. We compiled data from 25 studies that showed that the ice-melt period represents 17% and 27% of the annual CO 2 and CH 4 emissions, respectively. In this review, we synthesize the current understanding of under-ice carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) dynamics, highlighting the annual importance of CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from lakes at ice-melt. However, recent studies challenge this convention, suggesting that the winter period is more dynamic than previously thought. ![]() The ice-covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere has often been neglected or assumed to have less importance relative to the open water season. ![]()
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